In scholarly communication, we are regularly presented with propositions that are easy to accept because they make obvious sense. I concur. In spite of what David proposes without any epistemological justification, experiments are not the only valid methods in science and flawed experimental designs are not valid scientific proofs. But what if its less like the Higgs-Boson particle and more like cold fusion? In the OA camp, they argue it is due to openness more people see the papers, hence more people cite them quite intuitive, simple, and elegant a truly nice, parsimonious hypothesis. They include inappropriate use of the tests to re . Their feedback indicates that its clear, concise, and has good face validity. If all articles are OA (Green, Gold or whatever), then theyre all on equal footing any potential advantage disappears. I also object to the sales job being done for OA by promising authors they can get more citations by paying money. I did not at any point unilaterally decide that theoretical conjectures were preferable to observations. The current political landscape in the U.S. and Europe has many of us feeling an increasing level of concern about whether important decisions are being made by individuals, by government agencies, and by political leaders in the face of solid and reliable evidence or based simply on what sounds good. Phils article, and it was so poorly designed that it doesnt prove anything. 2 Conclusion. Face validity has an element of subjectivity in it and that is why it is considered a weaker form of validity. But with any study, observational, experimental, whatever, one must take great care not to overstate ones conclusions. These were not randomly selected journals. I would love to see more experiments, as you suggest, though I think that if one posits an eventual shift to OA, then the point is moot. For now, there is evidence of correlation, and the only experimental evidence points against causation. Face validity is a subjective measure of validity. However, it is of greater importance that the model involves structures and processes homologous to those involved in the condition being modeled. Face validity is often said to be the least sophisticated and the simplest method of measuring validity of a survey. But is history a story? Beautiful idea beautifully crafted. Do the available data bear out this hypothesis? ). If the argument that better articles are self-selected for OA, then conversely, logically, non-selected non-OA that are strictly kept behind paywalls are of lower quality. 35 Thoughts on "The Danger of Face Validity". It is the easiest . Therefore, strong face validity does not equate to strong validity in general. It only goes to show that if it walks like a duck and quacks like a duck it may be a muppet! . Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper No. 1. Face validity is a problem whether in closed or OA publishing. For example, a mathematical test consisting of problems in which the test taker has . Once youve secured face validity, you can assess more complex forms of validity like content validity or criterion validity. Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M., & Park, B. Purchasing decisions are based on campus demand and usage, not on perceptions of quality based on citations. Seems pretty simple to me. In R. Bar-On & J.D.A. An experimental approach allows one to set up conditions where those confounding factors are either eliminated or controlled for, with the one remaining variable being the test subject, allowing one to see if it is indeed causative. One could claim that some labs are better than others and maybe these have a greater propensity to have their papers in OA, and hence would be more likely to have more citations. Eliminate the latter, and the question is not answered, and one still cant make spurious claims about causation. by Shortcomings of the BDI are its high item difficulty, lack of representative norms, and thus doubtful objectivity of interpretation, controversial factorial validity, instability of scores over short time intervals (over the course of 1 day), and poor discriminant validity against anxiety. He has worked previously as a bibliographer for YBP, Inc., as Head Acquisitions Librarian for the University of North Carolina, Greensboro, as Director of Resource Acquisition at the University of Nevada, Reno, and as Associate Dean for Collections & Scholarly Communication at the University of Utah. If there is not a commensurate increase in journal subscriptions, that could indeed be interpreted as a negative effect, regardless of what the causes might be. Its often best to ask a variety of people to review your measurements. I do not know that answer. The first question is is there a citation advantage? For example, one could always loudly that OA papers are published by older people and these are more likely to be highly cited. This argument doesnt require more citation. It is built upon the principle of reading through the plans and assessing the viability of the research, with little objective measurement. Mueller-Langer F & Watt R (2014) The Hybrid Open Access Citation Advantage: How Many More Cites is a $3,000 Fee Buying You? (1990). Boston, MA: HayGroup. Annual Review of Sociology, 32: 299-328. Furthermore, how does the face validity in closed access publishing compare or cancel face validity in OA? They were all available on HighWire Press platform and more than 90% of the experiment group were open access anyway after one year (delayed open access). Unlike quantitative researchers, who apply statistical methods for establishing validity and reliability of research findings, qualitative researchers aim to design and incorporate methodological strategies to ensure the 'trustworthiness' of the findings. Population validity and ecological validity are two types of external validity. In the study we have performed in the past to test whether there was a difference in citedness, we have normalized data for year of publication, article type, and research specialties. Observational studies are great, and important. However, it is a serious obstacle in theoretical discussions of certain . and the way to properly measure it on a conceptual level. Insisting on solutions that make us feel good isnt going to work, either. Its often best to ask a variety of people to review your measurements. Suppose we ask a panel of 10 judges to rate 6 items on a test. Again, my point is there are too many confounding factors in an observational study in order to make firm conclusions about causation. A properly controlled experiment cannot simply wish that actors who have the means, and an interest in altering the course of an experiment will be honest and wont willfully affect the results, should they want to. If this is the case indeed (which I personally doubt but I have no data to to refute as it is largely a conjecture), then Rick should examine the alternative hypothesis that libraries will stop subscribing to journals as they contain articles of lower quality (the adversely biased, non-selected one). Further, criticizing the Davis study because it did not study a different subject (Green OA) does not invalidate the conclusions on the subject it did study. Randomized, blinded, and controlled ultimately means nothing if you dont apply it to proper data, though it may appear methodologically flawless on the outside. Another example is the impact of Green OA on library subscriptions. You can certainly argue that other questions are valid to ask, but that does not make this particular study invalid, nor does it invalidate the carefully stated conclusion drawn. This is especially the case when there is only one such study based on a comparatively small experiment, limited in time observation window, measurements taken in a partial population of among a widely more encompassing observation set. The Scholarly Kitchen is a moderated and independent blog. Its a relatively intuitive, quick, and easy way to start checking whether a new measure seems useful at first glance. I dont care which one, or if both wins, the important is to stop throwing names and design robust measurement protocols to explain the observed greater citedness of OA articles. For some journals, treatment articles were indicated on the journal websites by an open lock icon. For a proper blind experimental protocol, this sentence should have read Authors and editors were unaware that a study was being conducted. David, you are right, I didnt support my claim, I will tonight after re-examining Phils article a third time. Disadvantages. As one can see, it is extremely difficult to control this type of experiment in an absolute robust manner, and in this respect the article doesnt control for the effect of having an open lock icon or not: if there is an open lock icon, you expose the experiment to tampering, if you dont, then you limit the signal the paper is open and potentially reduce uptake. Parker (Eds.) Face validity from multiple perspectives. If the purpose for example is to statistically determine the validity of a measuring. So libraries may not stop their subscription because of the quantity of OA, but the positive selective bias save library patrons time who will not have to read the poorer papers, and save money by not subscribing to journals just to access the poorer quality papers. "looks like" a measure of the desired construct to a member of the target population will someone recognize the type of information they are responding to? Other than that, David paper didnt control for other variables we dont take into account so that wasnt the all out control paper which the title made it sound like. Internal Validity: We make this distinction because face validity is often discussed as though it is the main form of validity used during a piece of research, especially at the undergraduate and master's dissertation level. >Second, you assume that librarians care about citations in making their subscription decisions. A careful protocol would likely show that gold is progressively increasing its acceptability, and citation impact but again, this is just a hypothesis and I havent taken the time to carefully measure this. Anyhow, this wasnt my point. Because you cant retroactively eliminate these confounding factors, at best your conclusions must be tempered we see a correlation, but we cant be sure of the root cause. But I would add that it is irresponsible to make the sorts of statements one regularly sees, that OA confers a citation advantage. Validity refers to whether a measure actually measures what it claims to be measuring.Some key types of validity are explored below. Published on In fact, face validity is not real validity. Again, Im not certain this unproven hypothesis explains a large part of the citation advantage but it is certainly worth testing. Good strategy, you deny that any science that doesnt use the experimental method is trash so youre left with one study to support your pamphlets. Also, the system is changing, in addition to a lot of green, there is a lot of gold out there between the gold journals, the hybrids, and the delayed gold access. The green boxes in the following table shows which judges rated each item as an "essential" item: The content validity ratio for the first item would be calculated as: Content Validity Ratio = (n e - N/2) / (N/2) = (9 - 10/2) / (10/2) = 0.8 The first method is high in face validity because it directly assesses age. Library subscriptions may not necessarily be due to demand by readers but a retention of old practices which will definitely take a long time to be influenced by Green OA. We dont know yet whether citedness derives from openness or from a form of selection bias (I would think both are at play), either way it is good for the supporters of openness as they either get increased impact of science due to open access or increased quality of the freely available papers compared to the remaining ones that are acquired through subscriptions. Panel of Research Experts Be sure to address: Is the MMPI-2 high or low on content validity and face validity? The second aspect is what is the explanation for the greater citation observed (provided you are not a OACA denier). Citation advantage, and explanation for this. I think the more people, more citation hypothesis is elegant and makes sense but still I agree with you and we cant presently say this is the explanatory variable beyond doubt. Ecological validity refers to whether a study's findings can be generalized to additional situations or settings. Face validity helps to give participants greater confidence in the measurement procedure and the results. I find this ethically questionable, telling them they can buy prestige and career advancement. Its considered a weak form of validity because its assessed subjectively without any systematic testing or statistical analyses, and is at risk for research bias. I agree with this, but I would like to add that I could also believe the opposite. The disadvantages of verbal communication are misunderstanding, no time for rectification, and difficulty with lengthy messages. Publication types Validation Study Validity is the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure. You ask employers, employees, and unemployed job seekers to review your test for face validity. This is an unsupported, inadequate critique. If face validity is used as a supplemental form of validity. OK, Ill buy we need more data with more carefully controlled measures to cut this once and for all. However, standardized tests also have several negative consequences as well. Body language and facial expressions are more clearly identified and understood. The classing of journals as high quality and low quality, IF, etc are in a sense, face validity judgements. experimentally examined; its merely been observed in an uncontrolled environment. Explain why. The QQ-10 offers a standardized measure of face validity that may be valuable during the development of an instrument as well as during the implementation and clinical testing. Example You create a survey to measure the regularity of people's dietary habits. Researchers don't consider face validity as a strong predictor because it is "superficial" and also subjective (and not objective - which is believed to be more important for some types of research). But conversely, if the treatment group doesnt have a sign to signal that the paper is open, then it is more likely that users wont spontaneously open this article to download it. Unless there is a specific reason why you do not want a measure to appear to measure what it measures because this could affect the responses you get from participants in a negative way (e.g., the racial prejudice example above), it is a good thing that a measure has face validity. Spielberger, C. D. (1985). . As the unproven hypothesis of the selection bias is mostly supported by the publishing industry, most of the observers will fail to understand why there is so much negative energy being spent on such a self-destructive hypothesis. SSP established The Scholarly Kitchen blog in February 2008 to keep SSP members and interested parties aware of new developments in publishing. What is often being proposed in these pamphlets is the way more damaging hypothesis for the publishing industry (again unproven and not supported by robust data) that is there is an OACI, it is due to a selection bias. 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